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Expensive harmoniums were often built to resemble pipe organs, with ranks of fake pipes attached to the top of the instrument. These ranged from simple models with plain cases and only four or five stops (if any at all), up to large instruments with ornate cases, up to a dozen stops and other mechanisms such as couplers.

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Modern portable harmonium with 9 air stop knobsДЄt the peak of the instruments' Western popularity around 1900, a wide variety of styles of harmoniums were being produced. This 'export' market was sufficiently lucrative for manufacturers to produce harmoniums with cases impregnated with chemicals to prevent woodworm and other damaging organisms found in the tropics.

An added attraction of the harmonium in tropical regions was that the instrument held its tune regardless of heat and humidity, unlike the piano. Harmoniums generally weigh less than similar sized pianos and are not easily damaged in transport, thus they were also popular throughout the colonies of the European powers in this period not only because it was easier to ship the instrument out to where it was needed, but it was also easier to transport overland in areas where good-quality roads and railways may have been non-existent. They were especially popular in small churches and chapels where a pipe organ would be too large or expensive in the funeral- in-absentia scene from Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, the protagonist narrates that the church procured a 'melodeum' (a conflation, likely intended by Twain for satirical effect, of the names 'melodeon' and 'harmonium') for the occasion. Harmoniums reached the height of their popularity in the West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The word became a common designation of that type of resort that offered entertainment to men. The term melodeon was applied to concert saloons in the Victorian American West because of the use of the reed instrument. Beginning in 1885, the firm of Mason & Hamlin, of Boston made their instruments with the suction bellows, and this method of construction soon superseded all others in America. A mechanic who had worked in the factory of Alexandre in Paris emigrated to the United States and conceived the idea of a suction bellows, instead of the ordinary bellows that forced the air outward through the reeds. There was concurrent development of similar instruments. Alexandre Debain improved GreniГ©'s instrument and gave it the name harmonium when he patented his version in 1840. He called it an orgue expressif (expressive organ), because his instrument was capable of greater expression, as well as of producing a crescendo and diminuendo. A harmonium-like instrument was exhibited by Gabriel-Joseph GreniГ© (1756вЂ“1837) in 1810.

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The harmonium's design incorporates free reeds and derives from the earlier regal.

According to Curt Sachs, Kratzenstein suggested that the instrument be made, but that the first organ with free reeds was made by AbbГ© Georg Joseph Vogler in Darmstadt. Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein (1723вЂ“1795), professor of physiology at Copenhagen, was credited with the first free-reed instrument made in the Western world, after winning the annual prize in 1780 from the Imperial Academy of St. The instrument's free-reed was unknown in Europe at the time, and the concept quickly spread from Russia across Europe. That instrument received attention, due to its use by Johann Wilde. HistoryДuring the first half of the 18th century, a free-reed mouth organ was called a sheng was brought to Russia. The craftsmen created a harmonium that a single person could carry, with added microtones. The portable, hand-pumped harmonium or samvadini is a major instrument on the Indian Subcontinent developed by Indians to meet local needs.

During this time Estey Organ and Mason & Hamlin were popular manufacturers.ДЄlongside the furniture-sized instruments of the west, smaller designs exist. Several million free-reed organs and melodeons were made in the US and Canada between the 1850s and the 1920s, some which were exported. The finer pump organs had a wider range of tones, and the cabinets of those intended for churches and affluent homes were often excellent pieces of furniture. They generally had one or sometimes two manuals, with pedal-boards being rare. More portable than pipe organs, free-reed organs were widely used in smaller churches and in private homes in the 19th century, but their volume and tonal range were limited. The idea for the free reed was imported from China through Russia after 1750, and the first Western free-reed instrument was made in 1780 in Denmark. Specific types of pump organ include the reed organ, harmonium, and melodeon. The pump organ is a type of free-reed organ that generates sound as air flows past a vibrating piece of thin metal in a frame. Harmonium, a hand-pumped organ, of the type used in South Asia, here used at a European jazz festival.

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